Preparing and launching the experiments I would lead soon kept me pretty busy, although winter would be the main period for running the research protocols. Size Alteration: As an extension of their shape-shifting abilities, Martians can easily alter their size, shrinking or growing to gigantic size. [6] Lin, An (4 June 2012). "Structural analysis of the Valles Marineris fault zone: Possible evidence for large-scale strike-slip faulting on Mars". Wright, Shawn (4 April 2003). "Infrared Analyses of Small Impact Craters on Earth and Mars". University of Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2007.

pullquote] “Everyone at the station had an opinion about how our winter would turn out – and most felt compelled to share it.”[/pullquote] a b c Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer Science & Business Media. p.294. ISBN 978-0-387-95189-8. Fundamental to Hoffman's model - which he calls the White Mars hypothesis - is the known behaviour of CO2 at different temperatures and pressures. On the surface of Mars, CO2 occurs only as a gas or as a solid. It cannot exist as a liquid because the pressure is far too low: liquid CO2 requires compression to at least five times terrestrial atmospheric pressure.

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See also: Category:Surface features of Mars A MOLA-based topographic map showing highlands (light colours) dominating the Southern Hemisphere of Mars, lowlands (dark colours) the northern. Volcanic plateaus delimit regions of the northern plains, whereas the highlands are punctuated by several large impact basins. Mars lost its magnetosphere 4billion years ago, [108] possibly because of numerous asteroid strikes, [109] so the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere, lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. [110] Both Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express have detected ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars, [108] [111] and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the MAVEN orbiter. Compared to Earth, the atmosphere of Mars is quite rarefied. Atmospheric pressure on the surface today ranges from a low of 30 Pa (0.0044 psi) on Olympus Mons to over 1,155Pa (0.1675psi) in Hellas Planitia, with a mean pressure at the surface level of 600Pa (0.087psi). [112] The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found 35 kilometres (22mi) [113] above Earth's surface. The resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6% of Earth's 101.3kPa (14.69psi). The scale height of the atmosphere is about 10.8 kilometres (6.7mi), [114] which is higher than Earth's 6 kilometres (3.7mi), because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38% of Earth's. [115] Schenk, P.; etal. (2012). "The Geologically Recent Giant Impact Basins at Vesta's South Pole". Science. 336 (6082): 694–697. Bibcode: 2012Sci...336..694S. doi: 10.1126/science.1223272. PMID 22582256. S2CID 206541950. In 2019, White portrayed Joy Davidman at the Chichester Festival Theatre's production of Shadowlands, [5] along with National Youth Theatre actors Hugh Bonneville and Andrew Havill.

Scientists have theorized that during the Solar System's formation, Mars was created as the result of a random process of run-away accretion of material from the protoplanetary disk that orbited the Sun. Mars has many distinctive chemical features caused by its position in the Solar System. Elements with comparatively low boiling points, such as chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur, are much more common on Mars than on Earth; these elements were probably pushed outward by the young Sun's energetic solar wind. [23] Lunine, Cynthia J. (1999). Earth: evolution of a habitable world. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-521-64423-5. pullquote] “A power failure would mean almost certain death for all crew unless the emergency source can be initiated in time.” [/pullquote] a b c d Mallama, Anthony; Hilton, James L. (October 2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv: 1808.01973. Bibcode: 2018A&C....25...10M. doi: 10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002. S2CID 69912809.

The flows on Mars, though, are not linked with the massive extinct volcanoes across its surface. Rather, Hoffman had a different sort of volcano in mind. On Neptune's giant moon Triton, the Voyager 2 space probe recorded ice volcanoes, with jets of dust and gas thrown upwards, apparently driven by the vaporisation of sub-surface liquid nitrogen. Zharkov, V. N. (1993). "The role of Jupiter in the formation of planets". Evolution of the Earth and Planets. Washington DC American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol.74. pp.7–17. Bibcode: 1993GMS....74....7Z. doi: 10.1029/GM074p0007. ISBN 978-1-118-66669-2.

Telepathy: Martians have the ability to read the minds of others and project their thoughts to varying degrees. They can also project their mental essences into a gestalt community known as the "Great Mind". Through this, the community can enhance the telepathic strength of other Martians. This power can also enable them to reverse the effects of amnesia or psychological brainwashing. [7] NASA (19 April 2007). "Mars Global Surveyor: MOLA MEGDRs". geo.pds.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2011. Invisibility: Martians can cause the biopolymers in their bodies to lose their ability to reflect light, making the Martians invisible to normal light and human sight. [7] Andrews, Robin George (25 October 2023). "A Radioactive Sea of Magma Hides Under the Surface of Mars - The discovery helped to show why the red planet's core is not as large as earlier estimates had suggested it might be". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023 . Retrieved 26 October 2023.For vehicles under customs, marked with an asterisk sign (*) or a omega sign (Ώ) and non-running cars stored with Transports Roger Benaim Rayne, Elizabeth (2 July 2023). "Mars has liquid guts and strange insides, InSight suggests". Ars Technica . Retrieved 3 July 2023. a b Barlow, Nadine G. (2008). Mars: an introduction to its interior, surface and atmosphere. Cambridge planetary science. Vol.8. Cambridge University Press. p.21. ISBN 978-0-521-85226-5.

White's other prominent TV roles were in series 1 of the ITV drama The Fixer, playing Jess Mercer, the sister of John Mercer. She also played Shannon in The Empresses' New Clothes, an episode of Fairy Tales, which were the BBC's modern takes on classic children's stories. In April 2011, she appeared in the BBC adaptation The Crimson Petal and the White. For with all the small talk there was also an increasingly perceptible undercurrent of seriousness. People belonged to two categories. The majority would leave before darkness descended and cut off all transportation links. And then there was the small group of thirteen people who belonged to the overwintering crew, which included me. The entire White Martian race was later revived after the battle with the wish-granting Id; the Martian Manhunter's wish to be reunited with his human self - the Justice League having been divided into their superhuman and civilian identities after a careless wish made by Superman - was subconsciously translated as a desire to cure his loneliness, thus prompting Id, in its usual sense of irony, to awaken those on Earth most like Manhunter. This time, the White Martians captured various human psychics to work on means of expanding their own mental abilities while simultaneously constructing chemical processing towers which would fireproof Earth's atmosphere by binding all the free oxygen, making themselves completely invulnerable, and conveniently asphyxiating mankind into extinction. On subsequent occasions, the White Martians succeeded in breaking free of their psychological imprisonment. The first time, a single White Martian briefly believed itself to be Bruce Wayne due to the trauma of being caught in a flaming plane crash which erased the memory of its original human identity of a Wayne Enterprises employee. While the rest of the Justice League kept an eye on the other Martians in case the renegade tried to 'wake them up', the Wayne Martian was defeated by a team consisting of Green Lantern, Steel, Big Barda, Orion, and Plastic Man (selected because they didn't know Batman's identity and thus wouldn't 'tip' the telepathic Martian off to the fact that he was a fake). During the summer I spent a good proportion of my free time in the so-called EPICA workshop. The European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica is a famous ice core drilling project, known for having drilled a three km deep hole to attain the oldest ice core ever recorded, at 800,000 years old. Their workshop was composed of a weather haven tent outside, with a small stove in one corner. Although simple, it was without doubt one of my favourite places. I enjoyed, as often as I could, to spend my time chatting to the EPICA crew, who had been coming to Antarctica for many years. Most of them had also worked at other Antarctic stations, like Vostok and Rothera, and had also gone deep into the inland wilderness on scientific traverses. So they had plenty of stories and anecdotes to tell. I love this aspect of Antarctica – the sharing of its history and adventures with international polar colleagues next to a little warming stove.

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Everyone at the station had an opinion about how our winter would turn out – and most felt compelled to share it with those of us who would stay on. Intermingled with this were also many stories about people in our crew, some true, some certainly not. Gossip at the station was unavoidable. Kounaves, S. P.; etal. (2010). "Wet Chemistry Experiments on the 2007 Phoenix Mars Scout Lander: Data Analysis and Results". J. Geophys. Res. 115 (E3): E00–E10. Bibcode: 2009JGRE..114.0A19K. doi: 10.1029/2008JE003084. S2CID 39418301. Features on Mars are named from a variety of sources. Albedo features are named for classical mythology. Craters larger than roughly 50km are named for deceased scientists and writers and others who have contributed to the study of Mars. Smaller craters are named for towns and villages of the world with populations of less than 100,000. Large valleys are named for the word "Mars" or "star" in various languages; smaller valleys are named for rivers. [73] A 2014 analysis of Martian meteorite EETA79001 found chlorate, perchlorate, and nitrate ions in sufficiently high concentrations to suggest that they are widespread on Mars. UV and X-ray radiation would turn chlorate and perchlorate ions into other, highly reactive oxychlorines, indicating that any organic molecules would have to be buried under the surface to survive. [257]