Bear Head (Dogs of War Book 2)

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There is evidence of prehistoric bear worship, though this is disputed by archaeologists. [138] It is possible that bear worship existed in early Chinese and Ainu cultures. [139] The prehistoric Finns, [140] Siberian peoples [141] and more recently Koreans considered the bear as the spirit of their forefathers. [142] Artio ( Dea Artio in the Gallo-Roman religion) was a Celtic bear goddess. Evidence of her worship has notably been found at Bern, itself named for the bear. Her name is derived from the Celtic word for "bear", artos. [143] In ancient Greece, the archaic cult of Artemis in bear form survived into Classical times at Brauron, where young Athenian girls passed an initiation rite as arktoi "she bears". [144] Grizzly Bear". National Geographic.com. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2017-04-21 . Retrieved 29 April 2017.

a b c Nowak, R. M. (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-8018-8032-2. The New World short-faced bears (Tremarctinae) differentiated from Ursinae following a dispersal event into North America during the mid-Miocene (about 13Mya). [27] They invaded South America (≈2.5 or 1.2Ma) following formation of the Isthmus of Panama. [29] Their earliest fossil representative is Plionarctos in North America (c.10–2Ma). This genus is probably the direct ancestor to the North American short-faced bears (genus Arctodus), the South American short-faced bears ( Arctotherium), and the spectacled bears, Tremarctos, represented by both an extinct North American species ( T. floridanus), and the lone surviving representative of the Tremarctinae, the South American spectacled bear ( T. ornatus). [16] Fossil of the cave bear ( Ursus spelaeus), a relative of the brown bear and polar bear from the Pleistocene epoch in Europea b c d e Mattson, David. "Foraging Behavior of North American Bears" (PDF). Southwest Biological Science Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2007. Wesley-Hunt, G.D.; Flynn, J.J. (2005). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora: Basal relationships among the Carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea' relative to Carnivora". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 3 (1): 1–28. Bibcode: 2005JSPal...3....1W. doi: 10.1017/S1477201904001518. S2CID 86755875.

Kindaichi, Kyōsuke; Yoshida, Minori (Winter 1949). "The Concepts behind the Ainu Bear Festival (Kumamatsuri)". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 5 (4): 345–350. doi: 10.1086/soutjanth.5.4.3628594. JSTOR 3628594. S2CID 155380619. COSEWIC. Canadian Wildlife Service (2002). "Assessment and Update Status Report on the Grizzly Bear ( Ursus arctos)" (PDF). Environment Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 8 April 2007. The peoples of eastern Asia use bears' body parts and secretions (notably their gallbladders and bile) as part of traditional Chinese medicine. More than 12,000 bears are thought to be kept on farms in China, Vietnam, and South Korea for the production of bile. Trade in bear products is prohibited under CITES, but bear bile has been detected in shampoos, wine and herbal medicines sold in Canada, the United States and Australia. [134] Hamdine, Watik; Thévenot, Michel; Michaux, Jacques (1998). "Histoire récente de l'ours brun au Maghreb". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 321 (7): 565–570. Bibcode: 1998CRASG.321..565H. doi: 10.1016/S0764-4469(98)80458-7. PMID 10877599.Panda Facts". Pandas International. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015. Postma, Laura. "The word for "bear" ". University of Pittsburgh Slovak Studies Program. Archived from the original on 2017-11-22 . Retrieved 21 March 2018.

Hunt, R.M. Jr.; Barnes, L.G. (1994). "Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds" (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 57–67. a b c d e Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. (1999). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN. pp.5–10. ISBN 978-2-8317-0462-3. They are opportunistic omnivores whose diet varies from plant foliage, roots, and fruits; insect adults, larvae, and eggs; animal matter from carrion; animal matter from predation; and fish. Their dentition and digestive system reflects this varied diet. What do bears like to eat in a beehive?". North American Bear Center. Archived from the original on 2017-04-06 . Retrieved 5 April 2017. a b c d Banyue, Wang; Zhanxiang, Qiu (2005). "Notes on Early Oligocene Ursids (Carnivora, Mammalia) from Saint Jacques, Nei Mongol, China" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 279 (279): 116–124. doi: 10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0116:C>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 26636569. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-03-26.

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Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "Ἀρκτοῦρος". A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus. Archived from the original on 2017-03-07 . Retrieved 23 January 2017.

Owen, M. A.; Swaisgood, R. R.; Slocomb, C.; Amstrup, S. C.; Durner, G. M.; Simac, K.; Pessier, A. P. (2014). "An experimental investigation of chemical communication in the polar bear". Journal of Zoology. 295 (1): 36–43. doi: 10.1111/jzo.12181. Fredriksson, Gabriella (2005). "Human–sun bear conflicts in East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo". Ursus. 16 (1): 130–137. doi: 10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0130:HBCIEK]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 26961091. a b Rybczynski, N.; Dawson, M.R.; Tedford, R.H. (2009). "A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia". Nature. 458 (7241): 1021–1024. Bibcode: 2009Natur.458.1021R. doi: 10.1038/nature07985. PMID 19396145. S2CID 4371413. Bunnell, Fred (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.

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Illiger, J. K. W. (1811). Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium (in Latin). Sumptibus C.Salfeld. pp.138–39.